Weeks Act
The Weeks Act is a federal law (36 Stat. 961) enacted by the United States Congress on March 1, 1911. Introduced by Massachusetts Congressman John W. Weeks and signed into law by President William Howard Taft, the law authorized the United States Secretary of Agriculture to "Examine, locate and recommend for purchase ... such lands within the watersheds of navigable streams as ... may be necessary to the regulation of flow of navigable streams...." This meant that the federal government would be able to purchase private land if the purchase was deemed necessary to protect rivers' and watersheds' headwaters in the eastern United States.[1] Furthermore, the law allowed for land acquired through this act to be preserved and maintained as national forest territory. Six years earlier, the Transfer Act of 1905 transferred control over the federal forest reserves from the United States General Land Office of the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture and its Forest Service. Responsibility for land purchased through the Weeks Act was not given to former Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot because he resigned from the National Forest Reservation Commission in 1907, with the stipulation that he would only resign if he could appoint his successor. This stipulation led to the Forest Service's tradition of picking a head with forestry knowledge. With the land acquired through the Weeks Act, Pinchot's successor obtained the power to issue permits for water power development on National Forests. The Weeks Act appropriated $9 million to purchase 6 million acres (24,000 km2) of land in the eastern United States.[2]
The Weeks Act also provided measures for more cooperation between federal and state governments in regard to fire control. This legislation was heavily influenced by the fire season of 1910 because it wreaked havoc across the western United States, particularly in Idaho, where 85 people, including 72 firefighters, were killed in fires and more than 3 million acres (12,000 km2) of land and roughly 8,000,000,000 board feet (19,000,000 m3) of timber were destroyed by fires that year. This year's fire season alone put the US Forest Service $1.1 million in debt.[3]
The Weeks Act also authorized establishment of the National Forest Reservation Commission to consider and approve purchase of these identified lands. The commission was composed of the secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and War (for the Corps of Engineers), as well as two members each from the House and Senate. Jacob Gallinger, who had sponsored the Senate's version of the bill, was named a member of the initial committee.[4] The commission would exist from 1911 to 1966.[5]
The drafting of Weeks Act was originally motivated by the intent to purchase lands in eastern United States, where the federal government owned no large tracts of land devoted to conservation. Later western lands were acquired under the Weeks Act. The Weeks Act was substantially expanded and modified by the Clarke–McNary Act in 1924.
Major national forests that were formed under the Weeks Act are the Allegheny National Forest, White Mountain National Forest, Green Mountain National Forest, Pisgah National Forest, George Washington National Forest, and Ottawa National Forest. To date, the Weeks Act has protected more than 20 million acres of forestland, which has had a tremendous benefit for ecosystems and society by providing habitat for plants and animals, creating lucrative recreation spots for tourists, and creating economic opportunities for local communities, stimulating the economy.[6]
The Weeks Act effectively outlawed some Native American fire management practices.
The Weeks Act was involved in the United States Forest Service v. Cowpasture River Preservation Assn. decision.
See also
- Clarke–McNary Act, an expansion in 1924
- Environmental history of the United States
References
- ^ Davis, Richard C. "Weeks Act 1911." Encyclopedia of American Forest History(1983): 685.
- ^ A History of Water Resource activities of the United States Department of Agriculture
- ^ Cermak, Robert W. Fire In The Forest-A History of Forest Fire Control on the National Forests in California 1898-1956 USDA Forest Service Publishers, 2005 p.58 ISBN 1-59351-429-8
- ^ Protection and Restoration
- ^ National Forest Reservation Commission Members, 1911-1966
- ^ Weeks Act - Forest History Society, Retrieved 2015-11-23.
External links
- The Weeks Act, a history of the bill from the Forest History Society website.
- Library of Congress - American Memory-Evolution of the Conservation Movement 1850-1920, a description and text of Weeks Act
- v
- t
- e
- 10th Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930)
- 27th President of the United States (1909–1913)
- 3rd Provisional Governor of Cuba (1904)
- 42nd United States Secretary of War (1904–1908)
- Governor-General of the Philippines (1901–1904)
- 6th Solicitor General of the United States (1890–1892)
(timeline)
- 1909 inauguration
- Dollar diplomacy
- Income Tax amendment
- Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act
- Weeks Act
- Federal Corrupt Practices Act
- Wireless Ship Act of 1910
- Apportionment Act of 1911
- North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
- Mann–Elkins Act
- Radio Act of 1912
- Defense Secrets Act of 1911
- Pinchot–Ballinger controversy
- Commission on Economy and Efficiency
- U.S. occupation of Nicaragua
- United States Chamber of Commerce
- Ceremonial first pitch
- State of the Union Address 1912
- Cabinet
- Judicial appointments
- First Oval Office
Supreme Court
- Supreme Court career
- Judiciary Act of 1925
- Creation of the Supreme Court Building
- Taft Court cases
- Early life
- Birthplace, home, and historic site
- Woodbury Point
- Taft Bridge
- Bibliography
- U.S. Postage stamps
- Taft, Montana
- High school (New York City
- Chicago
- Los Angeles
- San Antonio)
- Helen Herron Taft (wife)
- Robert Alphonso Taft (son)
- Helen Taft Manning (daughter)
- Charles Phelps Taft II (son)
- William Howard Taft III (grandson)
- Robert Alphonso Taft Jr. (grandson)
- Seth Taft (grandson)
- Alphonso Taft (father)
- Louise Taft (mother)
- Charles Phelps Taft (brother)
- Henry Waters Taft (brother)
- Horace Dutton Taft (brother)
- Peter Rawson Taft (paternal grandfather)
- Billy Possum
- Progressive Era
- Pauline Wayne (cow)
- Backstairs at the White House (1979 miniseries)
- Theodore Roosevelt (2022 miniseries)
- Category