Władysław Witwicki

Polish polymath

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Władysław Witwicki (30 April 1878,^[1] Lubaczów – 21 December 1948,^[2] Konstancin)^[3] was a Polish psychologist, philosopher, translator (mainly of Plato's works into Polish), historian (of philosophy and art) and artist. He is seen as one of the fathers of psychology in Poland.^[4]^[5]

Witwicki was also the creator of the theory of cratism [pl],^[6]^[7] theory of feelings,^[8]^[9] and he dealt with the issues of the psychology of religion,^[10] and the creation of secular ethics.^[11] He was one of the initiators and co-founders of Polish Philosophical Society.^[12] He is one of the thinkers associated with the Lwów–Warsaw school.^[13]

Background

Władysław Witwicki was the fifth child of Urszula Witwicka, born Woińska (niece of the Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv, Łukasz Baraniecki), and Ludwik–Filip Wasylkowicz Witwicki,^[14] as well as father of Janusz Witwicki, the creators of the Plastic Panorama of Old Lviv.^[15]

He graduated from the University of Lviv, was a student of Kazimierz Twardowski.^[1]^[16] He also studied at the University of Vienna (under the direction of Alois Höfler) and at the Leipzig University (under the direction of Wilhelm Wundt).^[17] In the years 1905–1918, Witwicki taught in Lviv gymnasiums and lectured at the University of Lviv, and then became a professor at the University of Warsaw (1919–1948).^[18]^[19]^[20]

Works

Witwicki is the author of the first Polish textbooks on psychology.^[21] He also collaborated with other philosophers. For instance, he worked with Bronisław Bandrowski to develop a model of psychology based on Franz Brentano's theory on phenomenology. It included an analysis of Edmund Husserl's Theory of Content and the Phenomenon of Thinking.^[17]

In the comments to his own translation of the Gospels of Matthew and Mark – Dobra Nowina według Mateusza i Marka^[22] (The Good News according to Matthew and Mark [pl]) – Witwicki challenges the mental health of Jesus. He attributed to Jesus subjectivism, increased sense of his own power and superiority over others, egocentrism and the tendency to subjugate other people,^[23] as well as difficulties communicating with the outside world and multiple personality disorder, which made him a schizothymic or even schizophrenic type (according to the Ernst Kretschmer's typology).^[7]^[24]

Artistic activities

Witwicki illustrated books (including his own translations), created watercolors, etchings, woodcuts, bookplates. He designed magazine covers, cast plaster busts, sculpted, reviewed exhibitions, presented artists' profiles.^[25]^[26] He helped his son Janusz create the Plastic Panorama of Old Lviv.^[27] He lectured and wrote articles about art, and authored textbooks for visual artists: Wiadomości o stylach (About Styles); O widzeniu przedmiotów: Zasady perspektywy (Seeing Objects: Principles of Perspective); Anatomia plastyczna (Plastic Anatomy [?]).^[26]^[28]^[29]

Selected publications

Translations of Plato's dialogues
Psychologia do użytku słuchaczów wyższych szkół naukowych, vol. 1–2 (1925–1927)
Wiadomości o stylach (1934)
Wiara oświeconych, 1959 (fr.: La foi des éclairés, 1939)
Przechadzki ateńskie (a series of radio programs, 1939, issued in 1947)
Translations of the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark with psychological analysis:^[30] Dobra Nowina według Mateusza i Marka (The Good News according to Matthew and Mark); written in 1942, issued in 1958

References

^ ^a ^b Nowicki (1982), p. 117.
^ Nowicki (1982), p. 120.
^ Chodakiewicz, Radzilowski & Tolczyk (2009), p. 174.
^ Nowicki (1982), p. 61.
^ Citlak (2015), p. 156.
^ Rzepa (1991), pp. 68–81.
^ ^a ^b Citlak (2015), pp. 155–184.
^ Rzepa (1992), pp. 215–216.
^ Nowicki (1982), pp. 73–74.
^ Nowicki (1982), pp. 79–90.
^ Nowicki (1982), p. 91.
^ Nowicki (1982), p. 7.
^ Rzepa (1991), pp. 16–17.
^ Rzepa (1991), p. 233.
^ Rzepa (1991), p. 234.
^ Rzepa (1991), pp. 233–234.
^ ^a ^b Płotka (2020), pp. 141–167.
^ Nowicki (1982), p. 118.
^ Nowicki (1982), pp. 13–23.
^ Rzepa (1991), pp. 233–236.
^ Rzepa (1991), p. 120.
^ Witwicki (1958).
^ Szmyd (1996), p. 197.
^ Jarzyńska, Karina (2008-04-10). "Jezus jako egocentryczny schizotymik" [Jesus as an egocentric schizotymic]. Racjonalista (in Polish). Fundacja Wolnej Myśli. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
^ Szmyd (1996), p. 177.
^ ^a ^b Rzepa (1991), p. 204.
^ Michał Witwicki. "Janusz Witwicki 1903-1946. Panorama plastyczna dawnego Lwowa". Mój Lwów (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-03-07.
^ Rzepa (1992), p. 215.
^ Nowicki (1982), pp. 27–56.
^ Szmyd (1996), p. 196.

Sources

Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan; Radzilowski, John; Tolczyk, Dariusz, eds. (2009). Poland's Transformation: A Work in Progress. New Brunswick, London: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-3096-6.
Citlak, Amadeusz (2015). "Psychobiography of Jesus Christ in view of Władysław Witwicki's theory of cratism". Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration. 21 (1–2). Scientific Society KUL: 155–184. doi:10.2478/pepsi-2015-0007. ISSN 2300-0945. OCLC 998362074. S2CID 151801662. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
Nowicki, Andrzej (1982). Witwicki (in Polish). Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna. ISBN 83-214-0301-8.
Rzepa, Teresa (1991). Psychologia Władysława Witwickiego [Psychology of Władysław Witwicki] (in Polish). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM. ISBN 83-232-0332-6.
Rzepa, Teresa (1992). "Witwicki Władysław". In Kosnarewicz, Elwira; Rzepa, Teresa; Stachowski, Ryszard; et al. (eds.). Słownik psychologów polskich [Dictionary of Polish psychologists] (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Psychologii UAM. pp. 214–218. OCLC 834052536.
Płotka, Witold (2020). "From psychology to phenomenology (and back again): A controversy over the method in the school of Twardowski". Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. 19 (1): 141–167. doi:10.1007/s11097-019-09620-x. ISSN 1572-8676.
Witwicki, Władysław (1958). Dobra Nowina według Mateusza i Marka [The Good News according to Matthew and Mark] (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. OCLC 681830910.
Szmyd, Jan (1996). Psychologiczny obraz religijności i mistyki: z badań psychologów polskich [Psychological picture of religiousness and mysticism: from the research of the Polish psychologists] (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawn. Naukowe WSP. ISBN 978-8-3868-4154-7.