Turku Arabic
Arabic-based creole language formerly spoken in Chad
| Turku Arabic | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Chad |
Language family | Arabic-based creole
|
Early form | Bimbashi Arabic |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | turk1244 |
Turku Arabic or simply just Turku is an extinct variant of Bimbashi Arabic that served as a lingua franca in Chad.[1] It's the ancestor to Bongor Arabic[2] and potentially other Arabic pidgins spoken in Chad today, but since they have not been described, it is unclear whether they are direct descendants of Turku.[3]
History
Turku emerged as a regional variant of Bimbashi Arabic when Bimbashi-speaking enslaved soldiers were forced to relocate from Sudan to Chad after the abolition of slavery in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1979.[2] The primary lexifier of Turku is Sudanese Arabic, and it's also heavily influenced by Sango and Sara-Bagirmi languages, from which most of its loanwords originate.[2] Although not much is known about Turku, a dictionary and a phrasebook were published in 1926.[4]
Grammar
Turku had at least 2 tense/aspect markers: gahed (a continuous aspect particle) and bi- (a future tense particle). Similar particles are also found in Juba Arabic and Nubi.[5]
Vocabulary
| Turku[2] | Origin[2] | English |
|---|---|---|
| adinbang | From Bagirmi ádim mbàŋ | eunuch |
| gao | From Sar gáw | hunter |
| ngari | From Mbay ngàrì | manioc |
| kay | From Sango kâî | paddle |
| itenan | From French lieutenant | lieutenant |
| pfil | From Arabic فيل fīl | elephant |
References
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Turku". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ a b c d e Manfredi, Stefano; Lucas, Christopher (2019). Arabic and Contact-induced Change. Language Science Press. pp. 323–325. ISBN 9783961102518.
- ^ Thomason, Sarah Grey (January 1997). Contact Languages: A Wider Perspective. John Benjamins. ISBN 9027252394.
- ^ Ansado, Umberto; Meyerhoff, Miriam (2021). The Routledge Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Languages. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 9781000221480.
- ^ Sartori, Nanuel; Giolfo, Manuela E.B.; Cassuto, Phelippe (2016). Approaches to the History and Dialectology of Arabic in Honor of Pierre Larcher. Brill. p. 453. ISBN 9789004325883.
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- Maltese alphabet
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