List of karst springs
This is a list of karst springs. There are different types of karst springs, including inversacs (or estavelles), Vauclusian springs, vruljas, and others. All of them form in limestone settings.[1]
Image | Name | Average discharge | Place | State (Province) | River system | Basin (km²) | Location |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kladuk[2] | 150,000-180,000 L/s | Sayosa Distrik Kampong Saluk | Indonesia (West Papua) | Aouk-Kladuk-Kabra[3] | ca. 2800 | 1°06′08″S 131°47′22″E / 1.102088°S 131.789529°E / -1.102088; 131.789529 (Kladuk) | |
Aachtopf | 8,590 L/s 303 cu ft/s | Aach | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Rhine | 240 | 47°50′48″N 8°51′28″E / 47.846708°N 8.857863°E / 47.846708; 8.857863 (Aachtopf) | |
Ain ez Zarqa | 13,000 L/s 460 cu ft/s[4] | Hermel | Lebanon (Beqaa Governorate) | Orentes | 34°21′08″N 36°22′23″E / 34.352222°N 36.373056°E / 34.352222; 36.373056 (Ain ez Zarqa) | ||
Big Spring | 286 million US gal/d 12,500 L/s[5] | Ozarks, Missouri | US (Missouri) | Mississippi | |||
Vrelo Trebišnjice | 125 m3/s 4,400 cu ft/s to 220 m3/s 7,800 cu ft/s | Bileća | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Trebišnjica-Neretva | 42°51′52″N 18°25′17″E / 42.8644525°N 18.4212613°E / 42.8644525; 18.4212613 (Trebišnjica wellsprings group) | ||
Vrelo Bune | 43,000 L/s 1,500 cu ft/s | Mostar | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Neretva | 43°15′25″N 17°54′12″E / 43.256901°N 17.903445°E / 43.256901; 17.903445 (Vrelo Bune) | ||
Bunica wellsprings | 0 L/s 0 cu ft/s | Mostar | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Neretva | 43°13′17″N 17°53′24″E / 43.2213617°N 17.8901196°E / 43.2213617; 17.8901196 (Bunica) | ||
Sana wellsprings group | 0 L/s 0 cu ft/s | Ribnik | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Danube | 44°19′03″N 16°50′12″E / 44.3173773°N 16.8365586°E / 44.3173773; 16.8365586 (Sana wellsprings group) | ||
Ribnik wellsprings group | 0 L/s 0 cu ft/s | Ribnik | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Danube | 44°24′12″N 16°47′59″E / 44.4032695°N 16.7998445°E / 44.4032695; 16.7998445 (Ribnik wellsprings group) | ||
Sanica wellsprings | 0 L/s 0 cu ft/s | Sanica | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Danube | 44°36′23″N 16°37′07″E / 44.606495°N 16.618516°E / 44.606495; 16.618516 (Sanica_(river)) | ||
Dabar wellsprings | 0 L/s 0 cu ft/s | Sanski Most | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Danube | 44°42′34″N 16°38′22″E / 44.7093608°N 16.6394055°E / 44.7093608; 16.6394055 (Dabar_(river)) | ||
Krušnica wellsprings | 0 L/s 0 cu ft/s | Bosanska Krupa | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Danube | 44°50′41″N 16°10′06″E / 44.84472°N 16.1682996°E / 44.84472; 16.1682996 (Krušnica_(Una)) | ||
Bastašica wellsprings | 0 L/s 0 cu ft/s | Drvar | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Danube | 44°23′31″N 16°19′37″E / 44.3919433°N 16.3268101°E / 44.3919433; 16.3268101 (Bastašica wellsprings) | ||
Bioštica wellsprings | 0 L/s 0 cu ft/s | Sokolac | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Danube | 43°59′27″N 18°46′47″E / 43.990715°N 18.7796205°E / 43.990715; 18.7796205 (Bioštica) | ||
Mokranjska Miljacka wellsprings | 0 L/s 0 cu ft/s | Pale | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Danube | 43°59′27″N 18°46′47″E / 43.990715°N 18.7796205°E / 43.990715; 18.7796205 (Mokranjska Miljacka wellspring cave) | ||
Krupa wellsprings | 0 L/s 0 cu ft/s | Krupa na Vrbasu | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Danube | 44°37′07″N 17°06′21″E / 44.6185773°N 17.1058846°E / 44.6185773; 17.1058846 (Krupa (Vrbas)) | ||
Bistrica wellsprings | 0 L/s 0 cu ft/s | Livno | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Cetina | 43°49′57″N 17°00′32″E / 43.8326132°N 17.0087698°E / 43.8326132; 17.0087698 (Bistrica (Livanjsko Polje)) | ||
Trebižat wellsprings | 0 L/s 0 cu ft/s | Grude | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Neretva | 43°20′12″N 17°19′24″E / 43.336715°N 17.323457°E / 43.336715; 17.323457 (Trebižat_(river)) | ||
Blautopf | 2,300 L/s 81 cu ft/s | Blaubeuren | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Danube | ca. 150 | 48°24′58″N 9°47′04″E / 48.416228°N 9.78433°E / 48.416228; 9.78433 (Blautopf) | |
Brenztopf | 1,270 L/s 45 cu ft/s | Königsbronn | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Danube | 48°44′15″N 10°06′47″E / 48.73747°N 10.112979°E / 48.73747; 10.112979 (Brenztopf) | ||
Brunnenmühlenquelle | 1,500 L/s 53 cu ft/s | Heidenheim | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Danube | > 100 | 48°39′55″N 10°09′00″E / 48.665178°N 10.149972°E / 48.665178; 10.149972 (Brunnenmühlenquelle) | |
Buchbrunnenquelle | 927 L/s 32.7 cu ft/s | Dischingen | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Danube | 48°40′49″N 10°21′51″E / 48.680375°N 10.364088°E / 48.680375; 10.364088 (Buchbrunnenquelle) | ||
Creux-Genat | Courtedoux | Switzerland (Kanton Jura) | Rhone | 47°23′47″N 7°01′38″E / 47.396372°N 7.0273°E / 47.396372; 7.0273 (Creux-Genat) | |||
Dan-Quelle | 6,000 L/s 210 cu ft/s | Dan | Israel (Galiläa) | Jordan | 33°14′55″N 35°39′09″E / 33.248639°N 35.652472°E / 33.248639; 35.652472 (Dan-Quelle) | ||
Foce del Timavo | San Giovanni al Timavo | Italy (Gorizia) | Timavo | 45°47′12″N 13°35′30″E / 45.786694°N 13.591557°E / 45.786694; 13.591557 (Foce del Timavo) | |||
Fosse Dionne | 311 L/s 11.0 cu ft/s | Tonnerre | France (Yonne) | Armançon/Yonne/Seine | 47°51′24″N 3°58′14″E / 47.85667°N 3.97056°E / 47.85667; 3.97056 (Fosse Dionne) | ||
Gailachquelle | 650 L/s 23 cu ft/s | Mühlheim | Germany (Bayern) | Danube | 48°51′37″N 10°59′20″E / 48.860278°N 10.988889°E / 48.860278; 10.988889 (Gailachquelle) | ||
Gleßbrunnen | 700 L/s 25 cu ft/s | Wolkertshofen | Germany (Bayern) | Danube | 48°47′38″N 11°15′17″E / 48.793903°N 11.254742°E / 48.793903; 11.254742 (Gleßbrunnen) | ||
Hederquellen | 1,900 L/s 67 cu ft/s | Upsprunge | Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen) | Rhine | 51°39′13″N 8°36′03″E / 51.653731°N 8.600808°E / 51.653731; 8.600808 (Hederquellen) | ||
Izvor Omble | 24,000 L/s 850 cu ft/s | Dubrovnik | Croatia (Dubrovnik-Neretva) | Ombla | 42°40′33″N 18°08′10″E / 42.67575°N 18.136083°E / 42.67575; 18.136083 (Izvor Omble) | ||
Kesselquelle | 700 L/s 25 cu ft/s | Zwiefalten | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Danube | 48°13′47″N 9°27′09″E / 48.229677°N 9.4526°E / 48.229677; 9.4526 (Kesselquelle) | ||
Kocherursprung | 680 L/s 24 cu ft/s | Oberkochen | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Rhine | 48°46′20″N 10°05′43″E / 48.772097°N 10.095367°E / 48.772097; 10.095367 (Kocherursprung) | ||
Krasny Klyuch (ru) | 14,880 L/s 525 cu ft/s | Krasny Klyuch | Russia (Bashkortostan) | Volga | 55°22′36″N 56°40′47″E / 55.37666°N 56.679615°E / 55.37666; 56.679615 (Krasny Klyuch) | ||
Lippequelle | 740 L/s 26 cu ft/s | Bad Lippspringe | Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen) | Rhine | 51°46′53″N 8°49′20″E / 51.781489°N 8.822225°E / 51.781489; 8.822225 (Lippequelle) | ||
Le Bouillon | Orléans | France (Département Loiret) | Loire | 47°51′01″N 1°56′15″E / 47.850278°N 1.9375°E / 47.850278; 1.9375 (Le Bouillon) | |||
Louequelle | 6,890 L/s 243 cu ft/s | Ouhans | France (Département Doubs) | Rhone | 1760 | 47°00′41″N 6°17′55″E / 47.011389°N 6.298611°E / 47.011389; 6.298611 (Louequelle) | |
Paderquellen | 5,000 L/s 180 cu ft/s | Paderborn | Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen) | Rhine | 51°43′09″N 8°45′00″E / 51.719064°N 8.750128°E / 51.719064; 8.750128 (Paderquellen) | ||
Palfauer Wasserloch | 2,000 L/s 71 cu ft/s | Palfau | Austria (Steiermark) | Danube | 47°42′51″N 14°51′25″E / 47.714093°N 14.856992°E / 47.714093; 14.856992 (Palfauer Wasserloch) | ||
Pießling-Ursprung | 2,000 L/s 71 cu ft/s | Roßleithen | Austria (Oberösterreich) | Danube | ca. 95 | 47°41′34″N 14°16′34″E / 47.692722°N 14.276028°E / 47.692722; 14.276028 (Pießling-Ursprung) | |
Résurgence de la Vis | 5,260 L/s 186 cu ft/s | Vissec | France (Département Gard) | Hérault | 44°01′08″N 3°28′29″E / 44.018889°N 3.474722°E / 44.018889; 3.474722 (Résurgence de la Vis) | ||
Rhumequelle | 2,000 L/s 71 cu ft/s | Rhumspringe | Germany (Niedersachsen) | Weser | 51°35′23″N 10°18′37″E / 51.589656°N 10.310175°E / 51.589656; 10.310175 (Rhumequelle) | ||
Rinquelle | Amden | Switzerland (Kanton St. Gallen) | Rhine | ca. 50 | 47°08′17″N 9°09′54″E / 47.138099°N 9.165092°E / 47.138099; 9.165092 (Rinquelle) | ||
Salzaspring | 704 L/s 24.9 cu ft/s | Nordhausen | Germany (Thüringen) | Elbe | 51°31′49″N 10°45′43″E / 51.530192°N 10.761945°E / 51.530192; 10.761945 (Salzaspring) | ||
Siebenbrünnen | Lenk | Switzerland (Kanton Bern) | Rhine | 46°24′45″N 7°28′47″E / 46.412375°N 7.479786°E / 46.412375; 7.479786 (Siebenbrünnen) | |||
Sorgue-Quelle | 21,000 L/s 740 cu ft/s | Fontaine-de-Vaucluse | France (Département Vaucluse) | Rhone | ca. 11000 | 43°55′10″N 5°07′53″E / 43.919564°N 5.131465°E / 43.919564; 5.131465 (Sorgue-Quelle) | |
Source de l'Orbe | Vallorbe | Switzerland (Vaud) | Rhine | 46°41′53″N 6°20′43″E / 46.697993°N 6.34537°E / 46.697993; 6.34537 (Source de l'Orbe) | |||
Source du Lison | Nans-sous-Sainte-Anne | France (Département Doubs) | Rhone | 46°57′56″N 6°00′41″E / 46.965556°N 6.011389°E / 46.965556; 6.011389 (Source du Lison) | |||
Syri i Kaltër | 6,000 L/s 210 cu ft/s | Saranda | Albania (Vlora) | Bistrica | 39°55′25″N 20°11′34″E / 39.923611°N 20.192778°E / 39.923611; 20.192778 (Syri i Kaltër) | ||
Te Waikoropupū Springs | 14,000 L/s 490 cu ft/s[6] | Tākaka | New Zealand (Tasman District) | Tākaka | 40°50′52″S 172°46′10″E / 40.84778°S 172.76944°E / -40.84778; 172.76944 (Te Waikoropupū Springs) | ||
Wakulla Springs | 260 million US gal/d 11,000 L/s[7] | Wakulla County, Florida | US (Florida) | Wakulla/St. Marks | |||
Divje jezero | Idrija | Slovenia (Goriška) | Jezernica | 45°58′56″N 14°01′41″E / 45.98229°N 14.02812°E / 45.98229; 14.02812 (Divje jezero) | |||
Wimsener Höhle | 590 L/s 21 cu ft/s | Zwiefalten | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Danube | 48°15′24″N 9°26′54″E / 48.256777°N 9.448242°E / 48.256777; 9.448242 (Wimsener Höhle) | ||
Jacob's Well | Wimberly | USA (Texas) | Guadalupe River | 30°02′04″N 98°07′34″W / 30.03437°N 98.126016°W / 30.03437; -98.126016 | |||
Lathkill Head Cave | Peak District | England (Derbyshire) | Trent | SK170658 |
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References
- ^ Elmer LaMoreaux, Philip (2001). "Geologic/Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs". Springs and Bottled Waters of the World: Ancient History, Source, Occurrence, Quality and Use. Springer. p. 57. ISBN 9783540618416.
- ^ "Aouk Underground River". Issuu. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
- ^ Below, Darkness. "West Papua – Darkness Below". darknessbelow.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
- ^ Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 34. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
- ^ "Big Spring".
- ^ "Te Waikoropupū Springs".
- ^ "Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park".