Kalawan
Kalawan (originally meaning "The caves") is the name of an archaeological site in the area of Taxila in Pakistan, where it is one of the largest Buddhist establishment.[3] It is located about 2 km from the Dharmarajika stupa.[4]
Kalawan has a vihara monastery, which is the largest in northern India. An inscription, recording the enshrinement of relics as a gift to the Sarvastivadin School, was found in a chaitya hall mentioning the date of "the 134th year of Azes," which corresponds to 77 CE.[5]
Small stupas were found inside the monasteries.[6] The Kalawan monastery, together with the Dharmarajika display an original kind of architectural arrangement in which an image shrine is built opposite the entrance.[7] It is thought that this architectural pattern was initiated in the northwest and then became the prototype for the later development of monasteries with shrines in Devnimori, Ajanta, Aurangabad, Ellora, Nalanda, Ratnagiri and others.[7][8]
References
- ^ Sastri, Hirananda (1931). Epigraphia Indica vol.21. p. 259.
- ^ Marshall, John (2013). A Guide to Taxila. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-107-61544-1.
- ^ Khan, Muhammad Ishtiaq (2000). World heritage: sites in Pakistan. UNESCO. p. 29.
- ^ Marshall, John (2013). A Guide to Taxila. Cambridge University Press. p. 129ff. ISBN 9781107615441.
- ^ Hirakawa, Akira (1993). A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 233. ISBN 9788120809550.
- ^ Schopen, Gregory (1997). Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India. University of Hawaii Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780824818708.
- ^ a b Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004). Handbuch der Orientalistik. BRILL. p. 170. ISBN 9004135952.
- ^ Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004). Handbuch der Orientalistik. BRILL. p. 171. ISBN 9004135952.
- v
- t
- e
- Gandhara Kingdom
- Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
- Greek conquests in India
- Mauryan Empire
- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
- Indo-Greek Kingdom
- Indo-Scythians
- Indo-Parthians
- Kushan Empire
- Alchon Huns
- Turk Shahis
- Hindu Shahis
- Ghaznavid Empire
- Greco-Buddhist art
- Greco-Buddhism
- Hellenistic influence on Indian art
- Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
- Art of Gandhara by museum
Peshawar basin |
|
---|---|
Taxila |
|
Eastern Afghanistan |
- Aramaic Inscription of Taxila
- Bimaran Casket
- Kanishka reliquary
- Stone palettes
- Buddhas of Bamiyan
- Buner reliefs
- Saptarishi Tila statue
- Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
- Kabul hoard
- Shinkot casket
- Rukhuna reliquary
- Treasure of Begram
- Wardak Vase
- Standing Buddha
- Brussels Buddha
- Bajaur casket
- Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
- Hephthalite silver bowl
- Gardez Ganesha