Eichler system

System of plant taxonomy

A system of plant taxonomy, the Eichler system was the first phylogenetic (phyletic) or evolutionary system.^[1]^[2] It was developed by August W. Eichler (1839–1887), initially in his Blüthendiagramme (1875–1878) and then in successive editions of his Syllabus (1876–1890).^[3]^[4]^[5] After his death his colleague Adolf Engler (1844–1930) continued its development, and it became widely accepted.

The system was based on dividing the plant kingdom into those plants with concealed reproductive organs (non-floral), the (Cryptogamae, = hidden reproduction) and those with visible reproductive organs (floral), the (Phanerogamae, = visible reproduction).^[6] Moreover, Eichler was the first taxonomist to separate the Phanerogamae into Angiosperms and Gymnosperms and the former into Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae.^[7] His primary ranks were Divisions (Abtheilung), followed by orders (Reihe).

Blüthendiagramme (1875–1878)

Volume I (1875)

Contents pp. VI–VIII
Synopsis:

Division I Gymnospermae p. 54
Division II Monocotyledoneae p. 73
Division III Dicotyledoneae p. 187 (part)

Volume II (1878)

Contents pp. V–VIII
Synopsis:

Division III Dicotyledoneae p. 187 (continued)

Syllabus (Fourth edition 1886)

The system (here taken from the 4th edition of the Syllabus, 1886) divides plants into divisions, classes and groups. Groups were further divided into orders.

Note: ranks translated into Latin

German Botanical Ranks
German	Latin	English
Abteilung	divisio	Division
Unterabteilung	subdivisio	Subdivision
Klasse	classis	Class
Reihe	ordo	Order
Unterreihe	subordo	Suborder
Fam.	familia	Family
Unterfam.	subfamilia	Subfamily
Gruppe	tribus	Tribe
Gattung	genus	Genus
Art	species	Species

Outline: p. 6.^[8] Page numbers refer to text

A. Cryptogamae
division I. Thallophyta
classis I. Algae
group I. Cyanophyceae

group II. Diatomeae

group III. Chlorophyceae p. 8

group IV. Phaeophyceae

group V. Rhodophyceae

classis II. Fungi
group I. Schizomycetes

group II. Eumycetes

group III. Lichenes

division II. Bryophyta
classis I. Hepaticae

classis II. Musci

division III. Pteridophyta p. 21
classis I. Equisetinae

classis II. Lycopodinae

classis III. Filicinae
B. Phanerogamae
division I. Gymnospermae p. 33

division II. Angiospermae p. 34
classis I. Monocotyleae (7 orders) p. 34
order I. Liliiflorae p. 34

ordo II. Enantioblastae

ordo III. Spadiciflorae

ordo IV. Glumiflorae

ordo V. Scitamineae

ordo VI. Gynandreae

classis II. Dicotyleae p. 39
subclassis I. Choripetalae

subclassis II. Sympetalae p. 58

Class Monocotyleae

order I. Liliiflorae p. 34 (6 families)
1. Liliaceae (3 subfamilies)
a. Lilieae
Tulipa Gagea Fritillaria Lilium Ornithogalum Allium Hyacinthus Asphodelus Aloë

b. Melanthieae
Colchicum Veratrum Tofieldia

c. Smilaceae
Paris Convallaria Asparagus Smilax

2. Amaryllidaceae p. 35
Galanthus Leucojum Narcissus Agave

3. Juncaceae p. 35

4. Iridaceae p. 35

5. Haemodoraceae p. 35

6. Dioscoreaceae p. 35

7. Bromeliaceae p. 35

ordo II. Enantioblastae p. 35

ordo III. Spadiciflorae p. 36

ordo IV. Glumiflorae p. 36

ordo V. Scitamineae p. 38

ordo VI. Gynandreae p. 38

References

^ Stuessy 2009, Artificial classification p. 43.
^ Sharma 2009, p. 27.
^ Eichler 1883.
^ Oudemans 1896.
^ Engler 1903, p. XXIII.
^ Goldberg 1986.
^ Lawrence 1951.
^ Eichler 1886, p. 6.

Bibliography

Works by Eichler

Eichler, August W. (1875). Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert. 2 vols [Floral diagrams]. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- Volume I: 1875
- Volume II: 1878
Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde Lipsius und Tischer, Kiel 1876.
- Subsequent editions published as Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik, 2nd ed. 1880, 3rd ed. 1883, 4th ed. 1886, 5th 1890
  - Eichler, August W. (1880) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (2nd ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.
  - Eichler, August W. (1883) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (3rd ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.
    - Outline: p. 1 (Eichler 1883, p. 1)
  - Eichler, August W. (1886) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (4th ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.
  - Eichler, August W. (1890) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (5th ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.

Other

Oudemans, C.A.J.A. (1896). Rangschikking der Planten. in Oudemans, C.A.J.A. & Hugo de Vries. Leerboek der plantenkunde, ten gebruike bij het hooger onderwijs. volume 2(2).
Engler, Adolf (1903) [1892]. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (3rd ed.). Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag. p. 233. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
Lawrence, G. H. M. (1951). Taxonomy of vascular plants.
Core, Earl Lemley (1955). Plant taxonomy. Prentice-Hall. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Goldberg, Aaron (1986). "Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 58 (58): 1–314. doi:10.5479/si.0081024X.58.
Sharma, O. P. (2009). Plant Taxonomy (2nd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259081378. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Stuessy, Tod F. (2009). Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51864-2. Retrieved 5 May 2015.

List of systems of plant taxonomy

This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli, Ventenat, Batsch and Grisebach.

Pre-Linnaean

John Ray system (1686–1704)	A discourse on the seeds of plants Methodus plantarum nova De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta

Pre-Darwinian

Linnaean system (1735–51)	Systema Naturae Species Plantarum Genera Plantarum Philosophia Botanica
Adanson system (1763)	Familles naturelles des plantes
De Jussieu system (1789)	Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam
De Candolle system (1819–24)	Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta
Berchtold and Presl system (1820–1823)	O Prirozenosti Rostlin
Agardh system (1825)	Classes Plantarum
Gray system (1821)	The Natural Arrangement of British Plants
Perleb system (1826)	Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs
Dumortier system (1829)	Analyse des familles des plantes
Lindley system (1830–45)	An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany The Vegetable Kingdom
Don system (1834)	General History of Dichlamydious Plants.
Bentham & Hooker system (1862–83)	Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita.
Baillon system (1867–94)	Histoire des plantes

Post-Darwinian (Phyletic)

Nineteenth century

Eichler system (1875–1886)	Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde
Engler system (1886–1924)	Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Das Pflanzenreich
van Tieghem system (1891)	Traité de botanique

Twentieth century

Dalla Torre & Harms system (1900–07)	Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta
Warming system (1912)	Haandbog i den systematiske botanik
Hallier system (1912)	L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes
Bessey system (1915)	The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants
Wettstein system (1901–35)	Handbuch der systematischen Botanik
Lotsy system (1907–11)	Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik.
Hutchinson system (1926–73)	The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny
Calestani system (1933)	Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme
Kimura system (1956)	Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones
Emberger system (1960)	Traité de Botanique systématique
Melchior system (1964)	Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
Takhtajan system (1966–97)	A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants Flowering plants: origin and dispersal Diversity and classification of flowering plants
Cronquist system (1968–81)	The evolution and classification of flowering plants An integrated system of classification of flowering plants
Goldberg system (1986–89	Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons
Dahlgren system (1975–85)	The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy
Thorne system (1968–2000)	An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants
Kubitzki system (1990–)	The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
Reveal system (1997)	Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–)
An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III Chase & Reveal System (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV Angiosperm Phylogeny Website

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–)