Ballade des pendus

The Ballade des pendus, literally "ballad of the hanged", also known as Epitaphe Villon or Frères humains, is the best-known poem by François Villon. It is commonly acknowledged, although not clearly established, that Villon wrote it in prison while he awaited his execution. It was published posthumously in 1489 by Antoine Vérard.

Title

In the Coisline manuscript, this ballade has no title, and in the anthology Le Jardin de Plaisance et fleur de rethoricque [fr] printed in 1501 by Antoine Vérard, it is just called Autre ballade (literally, "Another ballad"). It is titled Épitaphe Villon in the Fauchet manuscript and in Pierre Levet [fr]'s 1489 edition, and it is called Épitaphe dudit Villon in the Chansonnier de Rohan. In his 1533 commented edition, Clément Marot names it: Épitaphe en forme de ballade, que feit Villon pour luy & pour ses compaignons s'attendant à estre pendu avec eulx, which translates approximately to: Epitaph in the form of a ballad, which Villon made for him & for his companions expecting to be hanged with them. The modern title is due to the romantics and is problematic because it reveals the identity of the narrators too early and compromises the effect of surprise desired by Villon.

The title Epitaph Villon and its derivatives are also improper and confusing, because Villon had already written a real epitaph for himself at the end of Testament (around 1884 to 1906). Moreover, this title (and in particular the Marot's version) implies that Villon composed the work while awaiting his hanging, remains in question.

Villon's historians and commentators have now mostly resolved to designate this ballad by its first words: Frères humains (literally, "Human brothers"), as is customary when the author has assigned no title.

The title Ballade des pendus subsequently given to this ballad is all the less appropriate since there already exists a ballad with that title by Théodore de Banville, in his one-act play Gringoire (1866). This ballad has been renamed Le Verger du Roi Louis [fr], but that is not the title given by the author either.

Context

It is often said that Villon composed this ballade while awaiting his execution following the Ferrebouc affair, in which a papal notary was injured in a brawl with Villon and his friends. In support of this point of view, Gert Pinkernell [fr] underlines the desperate and macabre nature of the text and concludes that Villon must have composed it in prison. However, as Claude Thiry notes: “It is a possibility, but among others: we cannot completely exclude it, but we should not impose it.” He remarks indeed that it is far from the only text of Villon which refers to his fear of the gallows and to the dangers which await lost children.^[1] The Ballades en jargon [fr], for example, contain many allusions to the gallows, but they were not necessarily composed during his imprisonment. Moreover, Thiry points out that, if we disregard the modern title, the poem is an appeal to Christian charity towards the poor more than towards the hanged, and, unlike the large majority of Villon's texts, the poet does not present this one as autobiographical. In addition, the macabre character of the ballad is not unique to it, as it is also found in the evocation of the mass grave of the innocents from stanzas CLV to CLXV of the Testament .

Background

This poem is an appeal to Christian charity, a highly respected value in the Middle Ages (as seen in the third and fourth lines of the first stanza: "For, if you take pity on us poor fellows, God will sooner have mercy on you."). Redemption is at the heart of the ballad. Villon recognizes that he has focussed too much care of his physical being to the detriment of his spirituality. This observation is reinforced by the very raw description of the rotting bodies (probably inspired by the macabre spectacle of the mass grave of the innocents) which contrasts with the religious themes of the poem.^[1] The hanged first exhort passers-by to pray for them, then in the final stanza, the prayer is extended to all humans.

Form

The poem is in the form of a large ballade (3 dizains and 1 quintil, with decasyllabic verses)

• All lines have 10 syllables.
• The last line is the same in each stanza.
• The first three stanzas have 10 lines, and the last has 5 lines.
• Each stanza has the same rhyme scheme.
• There are several enjambments.

Text of the ballad with English translation

The translation deliberately follows the original as closely as possible.

Frères humains, qui après nous vivez, N'ayez les cœurs contre nous endurcis, Car, si pitié de nous pauvres avez, Dieu en aura plus tôt de vous mercis. Vous nous voyez ci attachés, cinq, six: Quant à la chair, que trop avons nourrie, Elle est piéça dévorée et pourrie, Et nous, les os, devenons cendre et poudre. De notre mal personne ne s'en rie; Mais priez Dieu que tous nous veuille absoudre! Si frères vous clamons, pas n'en devez Avoir dédain, quoique fûmes occis Par justice. Toutefois, vous savez Que tous hommes n'ont pas bon sens rassis. Excusez-nous, puisque sommes transis, Envers le fils de la Vierge Marie, Que sa grâce ne soit pour nous tarie, Nous préservant de l'infernale foudre. Nous sommes morts, âme ne nous harie, Mais priez Dieu que tous nous veuille absoudre! La pluie nous a débués et lavés, Et le soleil desséchés et noircis. Pies, corbeaux nous ont les yeux cavés, Et arraché la barbe et les sourcils. Jamais nul temps nous ne sommes assis Puis çà, puis là, comme le vent varie, A son plaisir sans cesser nous charrie, Plus becquetés d'oiseaux que dés à coudre. Ne soyez donc de notre confrérie; Mais priez Dieu que tous nous veuille absoudre! Prince Jésus, qui sur tous a maistrie, Garde qu'Enfer n'ait de nous seigneurie: A lui n'ayons que faire ne que soudre. Hommes, ici n'a point de moquerie; Mais priez Dieu que tous nous veuille absoudre!

Human brothers who live after us, Do not have (your) hearts hardened against us, For, if you take pity on us poor (fellows), God will sooner have mercy on you. You see us tied here, five, six: As for the flesh, that we nurtured too much, It is already long-time consumed, and rotting, And we, the bones, become ashes and powder. Of our pain let no one make fun, But pray God that he wills to absolve us all! If we call you brothers, you must not Have scorn for it, although we were killed By justice. Nevertheless, you know That all men do not have staid common sense. Forgive us, since we are shivering, Toward the son of the Virgin Mary, That his grace may not run dry for us, Preserving us from the infernal wrath. We are dead, let no soul harry us, But pray God that he wills to absolve us all! Rain has unsmirched and washed us And the sun has dried and blackened us; Magpies and crows have carved out our eyes, And torn off our beards and eyebrows. We never sit for a moment; Now here, then there, as the wind changes, at its pleasure, without cease (it) tosses us, More pecked by birds than thimbles. Do not then be of our brotherhood, But pray God that he wills to absolve us all! Prince Jesus, who has command of all, Prevent Hell from having lordship over us: With him, we have nothing to perform nor to trade. Men, there is no mockery here, But pray God that he wills to absolve us all.

French Source:,^[2] English source:^[3]

References

External links

• (in French) Livres audio mp3 gratuits 'Ballade des pendus' de François Villon - (Association Audiocité).
• Sung version of the poem performed by Serge Reggiani, composed by Louis Bessières (on YouTube).
• Sung version of the poem performed by Anika Kildegaard, composed by Jean-François Charles (on YouTube).