Anim languages
Language family of New Guinea
| Anim | |
|---|---|
| Fly River | |
| Geographic distribution | Fly River, central southern New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Anim
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Anim |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | anim1240 |
 Map: The Anim languages of New Guinea The Anim families Other Trans–New Guinea families Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited | |
The Anim or Fly River languages are a language family in south-central New Guinea established by Usher & Suter (2015).[1] The names of the family derive from the Fly River and from the Proto-Anim word *anim 'people'.[1]
Languages
The 17 Anim languages belong to the following four subfamilies:[2]
- Inland Gulf
- Tirio (Lower Fly River)
- Boazi (Lake Murray)
- Marind (Marind–Yaqai)
The moribund Abom language, previously considered a member of the Tirio family, is of uncertain classification, possibly Trans–New Guinea, but does not appear to be Anim. The extinct Karami language, attested only in a short word list and previously assigned to the Inland Gulf family, defies classification (Usher and Suter 2015).
Anim languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.[3]
List of Anim languages Language Subgroup Location Population Alternate names Marind Nuclear Marind central Merauke Regency and southeast corner (Indonesia) 7,000 Bian Nuclear Marind northeast Merauke Regency (Indonesia) 2,900 Yaqay Yaqay eastern Mappi Regency (Indonesia) 10,000 Warkay-Bipim Yaqay south Asmat Regency (Indonesia) 300 Kuni-Boazi Lake Murray (Boazi) west Lake Murray (PNG) 4,500 Zimakani Lake Murray (Boazi) southwest Lake Murray across border (PNG) 1,500 Tirio Tirio (Lower Fly) south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) 1900 Makayam Bitur Tirio (Lower Fly) south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) 860 Mutum, Paswam, Bituri Adulu Tirio (Lower Fly) south Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) 220 Aturu Lewada-Dewara Tirio (Lower Fly) Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) 700 Were Baramu Tirio (Lower Fly) south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) 850 Ipiko Ipiko (Inland Gulf) West Kikori Rural LLG (PNG)
Reconstruction
Phonemes
| Proto-Anim | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Anim languages |
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[2]
*m *n *p *t *k *mb *nd *ŋg *ɸ *s *w *r *j
Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.
Pronouns
Proto-Anim pronouns (Usher and Suter 2015):[1]
sg pl 1 *na- *ni- 2 *ŋga- *ja 3 *(u)a- *ja
By 2020, comparison with the neighboring TNG branch Awyu–Ok had led so some revision of the reconstructions. Here are the nominative and possessive/object forms:[2]
sg pl 1 *no, *na- *ni, *na-/*ni- 2 *ŋgo, **ŋga- *[i/e]o, *[i/e]a- 3m *e, *e- *i, *i- 3f *u, *u-
The demonstrative third-person forms *e-, *u-, *i- are an innovation shared with proto-Awyu–Ok, which has the same vowel ablaut in the second person as well. They reflect a gender ablaut of msg *e, fsg *u, nsg *[a/o], and pl *i, as in *anem 'man', *anum 'woman', *anim 'people', or *we 'father', *wu 'mother', *wi 'parents'.[2]
Lexicon
Proto-Anim lexical reconstructions by Usher & Suter (2015) are:[1]
gloss Proto-Anim ‘house’ *aɸ(a,o) ‘younger sibling’ *am(o)=e/*am=u ‘laugh’ *awend(V) ‘thigh’ *mboɸo ‘breast’ *mbumb(V) ‘tree’ *nde ‘navel’ *ndekum(u) ‘sago’ *ndou ‘build a nest’ *ewes ‘bone’ *ɸia(u) ‘rain’ *ŋg(a,o)e ‘night’ *ŋgap(o) ‘eat, drink’ *ŋg(e,a)i ‘root’ *itit(i) ‘lip’ *itup(u) ‘cry’ *iwo ‘tooth’ *kam(V) ‘egg, seed’ *kan(a,e) ‘paddle’ *kawea ‘mouth, teeth’ *maŋg(a,o)t(o) ‘come’ *mano ‘speech, voice’ *mean(V) ‘two’ *measi ‘fruit, seed’ *moko(m) ‘heart’ *muki(k) ‘mosquito’ *naŋg(a,i)t(i) ‘banana’ *napet(o) ‘sleep’ *nu ‘forearm’ *piŋgi ‘stand’ *ratinV ‘hand’ *seŋga ‘tongue’ *sas(a) ‘meat, fish’ *sawa(i) ‘tail feathers’ *sum(V) ‘fire, tree’ *tae ‘wing’ *taɸ(u) ‘nape’ *temuk(u) ‘lie down’ *tenV
Below are selected reconstructions for Proto-Fly River (Proto-Anim) and branches by Usher (2020).[2]
gloss Proto-
Fly RiverProto-
Inland GulfProto-
Lower Fly RiverProto-
Lake MurrayProto-
Marind-YaqayProto-
MarindProto-
Yakhai-WarkayProto-
Yakhaihead *gia *pa *muku hair *duɾumə; *duɾum ear *tu; *jeja *towap *kambet *kembet, *kambet *k[e]mbet eye *kindV[C] *kuɸino *baɾid *kind *kind *kind nose *dasi *miw *aŋgi₂p *s[e/a]maŋg tooth *kam *ta; *bese *suwə; *kam; *su *kam *maŋg[e/a]t *maŋgat *maŋg[e/a]t tongue *sas *koda; *sasa *jimə; *jim *naseam; *sas *inVm *inum *in[e/a]m leg *idini *tegu louse *n[u]m[u]ŋg *uani *oɾ[eae]n *[num]uŋg *nambun *nahun; *mba[m/mb] *nambun dog *gaso *s[eae]; *diɾean *gaɣo *ŋgat pig *mbasik *maɸa *m[i/e]nawə *basik *basik *basik *basik bird *ewesa *dawod *ujub *pet[e/a]ɣau egg *kanV *ɸutu; *usu *sVɣaɾə *mogaw; *kan[a] *magaw *mo[k/ɣ]a blood *nauɾə *kouk *do bone *mbai[a]ŋg; *ɸia[u] *ɸia *naɾak(ə); *baig *bajag *hia[u] *haiau, *hiau *hia *ia skin *nikopi; *ko[j]ipo *ŋgusum *ugu breast *jono *bub *toto *bub *abut tree *nde *de *naukə *tae *de *de *de man *anem *aneme *anem(ə) *anem *anem *anem woman *anum *anumu *anum(ə) *anum *anum *anum *sau sun *nowumu; *siwio *manom *kaia *katane moon *bubei *manom *mandou *kam[e/o] water *ogo *mau[g/k]ə *neia, *naia *adika *adeka *adika *maⁱ fire *tae *maɸi; *ta[j]e *j[i]au *tae *tekaw *tekaw *teka stone *didigə *seŋgV *ketaɾ; *seŋga *seŋgV *seŋgi path *jigei *ewean *isas name *jiga *gag *ij *[i/e]g[i/e]j *igij *[e][k/ɣ][e] eat *tamu *ɣawi[ɣ] *bae one *ija (?) *jaigio *ɣoɾ[e]a[u][k] *koapo *ija[kod] *ijako[d]; *ijakod two *meas[i] *measi *mis *inah *[k/ɣ]aiaɣamat
References
- ^ a b c d Timothy Usher and Edgar Suter (2015) "The Anim Languages of Southern New Guinea". Oceanic Linguistics 54:110–142
- ^ a b c d e Timothy Usher & Edgar Suter. Proto–Fly River. New Guinea World.
- ^ Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
External links
- Timothy Usher & Edgar Suter, New Guinea World, Proto–Fly River (see also reconstructions of branches)
